Ocean biology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ocean biology 1 - Essay Example The aim of his theory was to discuss the concept openly. Therefore, Wegener did not present the theory as a proven fact. There are some objects, which can float in saltwater but not in fresh water. Whether an object will sink or float, entirely depends on the relative density of the fluid itself. In universe, everything is made of molecules. Density can be described through the concept of molecules. There are some objects that are packed densely and some other objects are packed loosely. This concept is called density. Now the objects that are made of tightly packed molecules will sink in low density liquid. The opposite will happen for the objects, which are made up of loosely packed molecules. I have done an experiment in my home with an egg. I have observed that egg placed in the fresh water sink immediately but it floated in saltwater. I have done another experiment with metallic spoon. In this experiment, also spoon floated in the salt water but sank in tap water. The next experiment was on metallic pen. The result of this experiment also gave the same result. Metallic pen floated in salt water but sink in the fresh water. Throughout the world, water and wind, usually erode about 20 billion tones of rock debris and dirt from the continents and deposit into the seafloor. In average, there is 1300 feet of sediment in beneath the sea. Many processes accelerate this continuous adding of salt and other chemicals into the seas and oceans. Most common chemicals are sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) which are dissolved in the water easily. These chemicals are the basic constituents of salt that is sodium chloride. According to research, ocean restrains around 1370 million cubic kilometers of water and around 14700 trillion tons of sodium. Every year around 457 million tones of sodium dump into the ocean through river transportation, land surface erosion etc. Sometimes in some specific area Volcanic dust also dumps some amount of sodium into the water. Erosion of

UK Car Scrappage Scheme Essay Example for Free

UK Car Scrappage Scheme Essay Under the UK scrappage scheme, a 2000 incentive is paid to motorists who scrap cars registered before the 31st august 1999 to buy a new car. half of the money is paid by the government and half by the car industry. The scheme will run from mid may 2009 to march 2010, depending on its fixed government budget of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 million runs out sooner. The government have announced earlier this year its car and van scrappage scheme. The motorists who will scrap their 10-year-old cars will get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 (or more) incentive toward buying a new car. The government will pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 pounds and participating manufacturers will contribute à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 pounds or more if they choose to do so (Rutherford, 2009). The new car scrappage scheme has big impacts. Not only on the new car industry or on financial status of buyers, but it has impact on several other industries in the UK. This essay will firstly display and show the effects of the governments new scrappage scheme on the market for new cars, supported by diagrams and some details. Then the essay will show the impact of the new scheme on the second hand car market, the car repair market and the scrap metal market. The essay also will show if this policy will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the environment. Then will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the UK car scrappage scheme and concluding whether if it is a good policy or otherwise. The market for new cars: Looking at the economic theories, we can see that when there is a change in price there will be change and demand and therefore change in supply, In other words, when price increases the quantity demanded will decrease. And when price decreases the quantity demanded will increase. But the movement will be along the demand curve not movement of the curve itself. Here we have a contribution of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds, which will mean that eligible customers will get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 discount on the value of a new car. According to demand theory, if the price drops, the quantity demanded will rise. Therefore, as prices of new cars dropped by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 the demand on new cars market will increase. The diagram below shows how the demand on the market of new cars will react after having the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds scrap scheme: From the diagram we can see that the quantity demanded was 10000 unit (or cars) when the price of a car is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10000 pounds. After the government scrap scheme, the price has decreased to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 8000 pounds and the quantity demanded has increased to 13000 unit (or car). The market for second hand cars: Second hand cars are substitutes to new cars, and according to the theory of demand and supply. If there is a change in any factor other than price, that will cause a change in demand and also a shift of the curve because second hand cars are substitutes to new cars. Having said that, the government is offering à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 pounds scrap money toward buying a new car. The demand on the market of second hand car will fall, causing a drop in prices of used cars. The diagram below will show the effect of the governments scarp scheme on second hand car market: The demand curve which represents the demand on second hand cars has shifted to the left because after the government has introduced the new scheme, many people started to buy new cars, and because new cars are substitutes of second hand cars the curve of demand on the second hand cars has shifted to the left causing a lower demand and lower quantity demanded. The effect of the governments cars scrap scheme on the car repair market: Although that the governments new scrappage scheme has helped many people to buy cheaper new cars, and also has helped many industries to gain high profits and to be a lot more active after the rescission. The government scheme has motivated more people to scrap their old car which are often break down and often needed repair. The repair market has been hit. Because fewer people come to repair their old cars and instead they just scrap them and get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 pounds toward their next new car. But on the other hand, in next few years repair market will gain it power again as more cars will be aging. But for now, new cars will most likely be repaired by the dealers. The diagram below shows the effect of the government scrappage scheme on the cars repair market: The effect of the governments scheme on the scrap metal market: The governments car scrappage scheme will have a big effect on the market of scrap metal. The government have set à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 300 million pounds for about 300,000 scrap order in the period between May 2009 and March 2010. And as far as 28th September 2009 there were 227,750 orders have been placed already according to the BBC (2009). So in a period of 4 months there were almost 230,000 cars to scrap, which will mean there is a lot of scrapped metal which will hopefully lead to push the scrapped metal prices down in the local or the national market. However, it maybe increases the scrap metal exports to other countries such as china. The graph below show (A) national market how it might be affected. and (B) the exports to other countries. P National market (A) P Exports to other countries. (B) Consider whether the policy is likely to have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the environment: As its been claimed that up to 85% from the cars scrap is recyclable, this is good. Being able to Recycling 85% of the old car is better for the environment than building a new one without using any recycled materials. Also, the government is encouraging people to buy new cars which produce fewer emissions and consume less fuel. According to guardian.co.uk (2009) The governments car scrappage scheme has had a surprisingly positive environmental effect. Motorists buying new cars through the scheme, which was introduced at this years budget, are opting for greener and smaller models than the average new car buyer, industry figures reveal. And they add Scrappage buyers were also three times more likely than average to buy the smallest class of car minis such as the Smart Fortwo and a third more cars bought through the scheme were larger super-minis such as the Hyundai i10. New cars bought through the scheme had average CO2 emissions of 131.1g/km CO2, 27.4% below the average CO2 (181.9g/km CO2) of the scrapped cars. (Guardian, 2009). Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the scheme and consider whether, on balance, the UK car scrappage scheme is a good policy: There are some advantages in the new cars scrappage scheme. However, the governments new scheme has few disadvantages too. But I will concentrate the attention more on the Benefits of this project. For instance, the government announced that between May 2009 and March 2010 they will help 300,000 people to scrap their old cars and get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 cheaper new car. That means more people will have better and more modern cars. Also recently the government have declare that they will invest an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 100 million pounds which will hopefully help another 100,000 car to get scrapped and their owners get a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2000 toward a new car which will make a total of 400,000 cars being scrapped and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 400 million being spent by the government and 400,000 new cars in the streets. (direct.gov.uk, 2009) And if 400,000 new car extra being sold means that the policy helped British (and European) manufacturers to sell more cars and gain more profit after the crisis. Also means that they will secure more repair jobs for those people who bought new cars in the upcoming months and years. And one of the big advantages is that by replacing 400,000 old cars by new cars we reduce the gas emissions, which are the main cause of the global warming. To sum up, in my opinion, the governments car scrappage scheme has been a successful project and it helped many people to replace their old cars with new better once. Also it helps many industries and car dealers to go out of rescission. Even though that some other firms have suffered from it, I would say that it is a vital project, good for car buyers, car dealers and other attached firms and of course first of all, it is good for the environment. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * BBC, 2009,Scrappage scheme to be extended,[online]updated 28th September 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8278679.stm * Direct.Gov, 2009. The vehicle discount scheme- money off your new vehicle[online] available at 11th November 2009, http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/BuyingAndSellingAVehicle/AdviceOnBuyingAndSellingAVehicle/DG_177693 * Rutherford, M. ,The telegraph, 2009, Scrappage scheme explained,[online] updated 15th May 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/5330112/Scrappage-scheme-explained.html * Vaughan A,2009 Car scrappage scheme sparks switch to greener vehicles, The guardian [ internet] 22nd October 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/22/scrappage-scheme-green-cars [accessed 09/11/2009]

Patients With Post Stroke Dysphagia Health And Social Care Essay

Patients With Post Stroke Dysphagia Health And Social Care Essay This chapter deals with discussion, summary and conclusions drawn. It clarifies the limitations of the study, the implications and recommendations given for different areas in Nursing practice, Education, administration and research. DISCUSSION The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14. The researcher carried out the study among 30 patients and adopted pre-experimental research design with single group pre test post test design. The researcher used non probability purposive sampling technique to select the 30 subjects. The researcher conducted this study to assess the effectiveness of Shaker Exercise and Hyoid Lift Maneuver on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECTS The demographic variables included in the study were Age, Sex, Education and Habits. The mean Age of the subjects was 60. Half of the subjects were in the Age group 50-70 years. Almost equal numbers of subjects were in the 30-50 and above 70 years Age groups and it was about 23 and 27 percent respectively. Regarding the Sex, nearly equal numbers of subjects were in the male and female Sex group and it showed 53 and 47 percent respectively. On the basis of their Educational Status, 67 percent of the subjects were studied up to secondary Education. About 33.33 percent of the subjects completed any one of the graduate degree course. In accordance with their Personal Habits, 53.33 percent had no bad Habits like Smoking and Alcoholism. Ten percent of subjects had the habit of Tobacco use. Seven percent of subjects were consuming Alcohol. Thirty percent of the subjects had the habit of both Tobacco and Alcohol consumption. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECTS The clinical variables include Type of Stroke and Co-morbid Illness. In consistent with the Type of Stroke, 10 percent of the subjects had Stroke due to the problem in anterior circulation, 40 percent of the subjects had Stroke due to problem in middle circulation and 50 percent of the subjects had Stroke due to problem in the posterior circulation. With reference to the Co-morbid Illness, 13.33 percent of the subjects had No Co-morbid Illness. About 10 and 40 percent of the subjects had the complaints of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension respectively. Remaining 36.67 percent of the subjects had both Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus. The major findings of the study were discussed according to the objectives: The first objective was to assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. In the pre test assessment of the Swallowing Performance using GUSS Score indicates 23.33% of the subjects had Mild Dysphagia, 40% of the subjects had Moderate Dysphagia and 36.67% of the subjects had Severe Dysphagia. The post-test assessment of Swallowing Performance explains that 16.67% of the subjects were improved to the No Dysphagia stage with good Swallowing and Feeding Performance. About 26.67% of the subjects had Mild Dysphagia and 23.33% of the subjects had Moderate Dysphagia. Remaining 33.33% of the subjects had severe Dysphagia with various improvements in the Swallowing Performance. The pre test and post test Feeding Performance Score using FOIS describes equal number of subjects in the Tube Dependent (36.67%) and Total Oral Intake category (63.33%). Despite the result revealed an equal number of subjects in the pre and post test assessment, the subjects had an improvement in the Feeding Performance during the post test assessment from no oral intake level to tube supplement with consistent oral intake level in the Tube Dependent category. Likewise, subjects showed an improvement from the intake of single consistency to the total intake with no restriction in the Total Oral Intake category. The present study was supported by Trapl et al., who conducted study in 2002 and described that out of 30 patients, 30 to 50% had Severe Dysphagia and showed significantly higher risk of aspiration with liquids compared with semisolid textures (p=0.001). Therefore they confirmed the subsequent sequence of GUSS. The second objective was to determine the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. With reference to the Swallowing Performance based on the GUSS Score, the mean pre-test SwallowingS among subjects was 12.50 and the mean post-test Swallowing Score was 13.87 based on the GUSS tool. Paired t test was used to compute the mean difference. The t value for this mean difference between pre and post test Swallowing Score was 6.150. The t value obtained at .001 level of significance and at 29 degrees of freedom. Hence there is a significant difference exist between the mean pre and post test Swallowing Scores. It further implies that the Swallowing Score in the post test was higher than the pre test Swallowing Score. This improvement was due to the Selected Nursing Interventions such as Swallowing Exercises and Positioning while Swallowing. So the Swallowing Exercises such as Shaker Exercise and Hyoid Lift Maneuver found to be effective in improving the Swallowing Performance in Stroke patients. The final result concluded that 22 subjects (73.3%) expressed improvement after the treatment. Remaining 8 subjects (26.7%) had no changes in their Swallowing Performance after the therapy. The median of pre-test Feeding Score among subjects was 5 and the median of post-test Feeding Score was 6.5. Sign test was computed to find out the difference between the pre and post test median Scores of Feeding. The sign test Score showed the p value 0.000 which was significant at .001 level. It showed that, a significant difference present between the pre and post test Feeding Scores. It further implies that the Feeding Score in post test was higher than the pre test Feeding Score. This improvement in the Feeding Performance was due to the Selected Nursing Interventions. So the Swallowing Exercises were effective in improving the Feeding Performance in Stroke patients having Dysphagia. Median test was used to compare the effect between the pre test and post test group instead of mean as because the FOIS was a 7 point likert scale. As the variables did not follow the normality and the highest Score was 7, parametric test was not applicable. Hence non parametric sign test was adopt ed which is equivalent to paired t test to find out the effectiveness. The result of the present study was substantiated with a study conducted by Mepani et al., in 2005 on augmentation of deglutitive thyrohyoid muscle shortening by the Shaker Exercise. The study involved the effect of 6 weeks shaker exercise in 11 dysphagic patients; six patients were randomized to control group and 5 patients to the Shaker Exercise group. After the therapy the change in thyrohyoid distance among Shaker Exercise group was significantly greater compared to the control group (p=0.034), this subsequently improve the swallowing function of the patients. Association of the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected Demographic and Clinical variables among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia The Fisher exact test was used to associate the selected Demographic and Clinical variables with the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of the patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. The calculated p values for the association between the Swallowing Performance of Post Stroke patients with the selected Demographic and Clinical variables such as Sex, Habits, Type of Stroke and Co-morbid Illness were not significant and hence there exist no association between them. The calculated p values for the association between the Feeding Performance of Post Stroke patients with selected Demographic and Clinical variables such as Sex, Habits, Type of Stroke and history of Co-morbid Illness were not significant and hence there is no association between them. SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia, for which the following objectives were formulated; To assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. To determine the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. To associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected Demographic and Clinical variables. The study was based on Ernesteine Wiedenbachs helping art of clinical nursing theory (1970). The research design applied for the study was pre experimental single group pre test-post test design. Study was conducted in KMCH. 30 samples were selected by non probability purposive sampling technique. The tool used for data collection consists of Demographic and Clinical variables, Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) to assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance in Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. The data were collected for a period of 6 weeks. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in statistical analysis, to assess the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Fisher exact test was used to find out the association between the selected Demographic and Clinical variables with the Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Major findings of the study On the basis of Gugging Swallowing Screening (GUSS), the investigator observed the degrees of improvement in Swallowing difficulty after the therapy among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. About 16.67% of the subjects had No Dysphagia, 26.67% had Mild Dysphagia, 23.33% had Moderate Dysphagia, and 33.33% had Severe Dysphagia. In accordance with the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), 36.67% of the subjects were in Tube Dependent category and 63.33% were in Total Oral Intake category with sustained improvement in the Feeding Performance. The mean pre test score of the Swallowing Performance using Gugging Swallowing Screening (GUSS) tool was 12.50. The mean post test Score of the Swallowing Performance using GUSS evaluation tool was 13.87. There was a significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test Swallowing Performance Score. The t value obtained was 6.150 which is significant at 0.001 level and at 29 degrees of freedom. The final result explained that, 22 subjects (73.3%) expressed Swallowing improvement after the treatment. Remaining eight subjects (26.7%) had no changes in their Swallowing Performance after the therapy. Median test was used to compare the Feeding Performance Score of the pre and post test groups. The median pre test Feeding Performance of the patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia was 5 with a range of 1 to 6 and that of post median test was 6.5 with a range of 1 to 7. The non parametric sign test was used to find out the effectiveness of the therapy on Feeding Performance. The obtained p value was 0.000 at 0.01 level of significance. This revealed a significant improvement in the Feeding Performance of Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. The final result revealed that 24 respondents (80%) showed an improvement in their Feeding Performance after the therapy and was assessed by FOIS scoring. But remaining six respondents (20%) showed no changes in the Feeding Performance when assessed by FOIS. There was no significant association exist between the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of the Post Stroke Dysphagic patients with the selected Demographic and Clinical variables. CONCLUSION The study was tested and accepted the hypothesis that there is a significant difference in Swallowing and Feeding Performance before and after the implementation of Selected Nursing Interventions in Post Stroke patients with Dysphagia. The result concluded that the study group had better outcome than the others. There was a significant improvement in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of the Post Stroke Dysphagic patients after the Exercise and Positioning therapy. The participants had reduced the risk of aspiration and aspiration related complications after the therapy. Hence, Selected Nursing Interventions such as Swallowing Exercises like Shaker exercise and Hyoid Lift Maneuver and positioning during Swallowing can be recommended for the patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. IMPLICATIONS The present study has its own implications in nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research. Nursing practice: Dysphagia is one of the major complications among Post Stroke patients. This study implies the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions in the improvement of Swallowing and Feeding Performance among the Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. This study creates awareness among the nursing personnel about the importance of the various complications after the Stroke and its various evidence based management. The present study shows that the exercise intervention for the Post Stroke Dysphagic patients can prevent the risk of aspiration and aspiration pneumonia. The result shows that, Selected Nursing Intervention for the Post Stroke patients can reduce the risk of malnourishment. Nurses can gain skill for providing Swallowing Exercises in the Post Stroke Dysphagic patients to improve their quality of life. Nursing Education: The nurse educator can create awareness among the health care professionals about the complicated effects of Stroke and its various evidence based management. The nurse educator can arrange in-service Education programs to update their knowledge regarding the new techniques and modalities to manage the Post Stroke Dysphagia. The nurse educator can teach the students about the present study findings and its implication in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. This will help to improve the knowledge of the students on Swallowing Exercises. The nurse educator can motivate the nursing personnel and students to use this Swallowing Exercises and positioning in the improvement of Swallowing and Feeding Performance and in the reduction of aspiration risk in Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. Nursing administration: Nurse administrator should aware of the problem experienced by the clients after the Stroke. Nurse administrator can provide continuing education or short term courses in the clinical area for preparing the nurses with competence in managing the after effects of Stroke especially Dysphagia. Nurse administrator can plan and organize seminars, workshops and conferences about Selected Nursing Interventions for the improvements of Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Nurse administrator can formulate protocol to incorporate the study findings in nursing intervention. Nursing research: This study provides a basis for further studies. The findings of the study can be a foundation for conducting the study on large sample to strongly support the efficacy. The implications of the study can be used as a motivation for nurses to conduct research in India, where the health care system is advancing. This study helps to update the knowledge and proper utilization of resources in the field of nursing practice. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study was limited to small sample size of 30 subjects. The study was limited to a single setting. The study was conducted using a single group. RECOMMENDATIONS A similar study can be conducted with large number of subjects to generalize the research findings. A study can be conducted at different settings. Similar study can be undertaken using different Swallowing and lingual exercises. This study can be conducted with experimental and quasi experimental design. A comparative study can be conducted between different types of Swallowing Exercises in Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. A similar study can be done to assess the effectiveness of Swallowing Exercises among patients with Dysphagia who are receiving head and neck radiation for cancer. ABSTRACT The present study entitled Effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14. This study was undertaken during the year 2012-2013, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing at KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore, which is affiliated to the Tamilnadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai. Objectives: 1.To assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. 2. To determine the effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. 3. To associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected Demographic and Clinical variables. Research Design: Pre experimental design with single group pre test-post test design. Setting: Neuro inpatient and outpatient department of Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore. Samples: All Post Stroke Dysphagic patients. Sample Size: The sample size was 30. Sampling Technique: Non probability purposive sampling. Conceptual framework: Ernestine Widenbachs Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1970) was adopted. Intervention: Selected Nursing Interventions such as Swallowing Exercises and Positioning during the swallowing were incorporated. The clients were instructed to do the Shaker Exercise and Hyoid Lift Manoeuvre 3 to 6 times a day for a period of 6 weeks. The subjects were instructed to elevate or down the chin and tilt the head towards stronger side while Swallowing. Outcome Measures: Swallowing and Feeding Performance was assessed by Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) respectively. Results: The mean difference between pre and post test Swallowing Score was 6.150 and which was significant at 0.001 level. The p value obtained for Feeding Score was 0.000 at 0.001 level of significance. The result showed a significant improvement in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance. Conclusion: This study proved that the implementation of Selected Nursing Interventions rather than the other conventional treatment will improve Swallowing and Feeding Performance among Post Stroke patients with Dysphagia. Hence the Swallowing Exercises and Positioning can be recommended in clinical practice to improve the Swallowing and Feeding Performance in Post Stroke Dysphagic patients.

The Future of Airports and New Larger Aircraft (NLA) Essay -- Aviation

The first airplanes carried only one individual. Today an average commercial airplane will carry approximately four-hundred to five-hundred people. However, recently new larger aircraft (NLA) have been designed to carry anywhere from five-hundred to eight-hundred persons. The need for NLA’s has been recognized as demand for air travel continues to increase. Furthermore, by deploying larger aircraft the problem of capacity will be addressed: more people on a plane will translate to a lower number of planes on the runway and while still accommodating the same number of passengers. The effects of these NLA’s are far-reaching and potentially detrimental to airport management. By utilizing appropriate airport planning, managers can overcome the pitfalls related to new larger aircraft. The first consideration which must be addressed is the runway. Is the length of the runway capable of supporting the NLA’s? What about the weight of the NLA’s, how will they effect maintenance? Do airports need to be redesigned to accommodate NLA’s? Thankfully, many of these types of questions have been answered. Although the maximum takeoff weight of the A380 will be over 1.2 million pounds, new and better wing and higher performance engines will allow the aircraft to operate from the same runway lengths as existing B747-400s†¦ However, accommodating the aircraft’s wingspan of close to 262 feet may require significant modifications to airfields at airports intending to serve the new large aircraft. Burns & McDonnell 2001 Of course, heavier aircraft will adversely affect a runway’s integrity. Maintenance cycles will need to be amplified in order to remain operable. The key will be acting before the runway becomes unusable. The next iss... ...ess, trouble-free adaptation† (Young and Well, pg. 473, 2011). This holistic approach aided the transition, yet the future will present new problems as demand will likely increase and NLA’s will be used more widely. Learning from those who have successfully accommodated NLA’s can help airport managers who have yet to engage the giants of the air. Works Cited Burns & McDonnell, (2001). What’s you NLA? How will new large aircraft affect your airport facility? Retrieved on March 27, 2012. http://www.burnsmcd.com/Resource_/Issue/283/PdfFile/aviationreport2.pdf Gomes de Barros, A., Wirasinghe, S., (1997). New aircraft characteristics related to airport planning. Retrieved on March 27, 2012. my.fit.edu/~dkirk/3241/Lectures/Atrgpap.pdf Young, S., and Wells, A., (2011). Airport planning and management. 6th Edition. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Economic globalization and environment change Essay

Ever since the evolution of globalization, which began in 1990s, Asia and Europe have been benefiting with industrial success and economic development. As a matter of fact globalization is lead by United States under the leadership of WTO and United Nations. Globalization has developed a business network connectivity through Internet technology bringing global businesses to a single platform enabling exchange of goods, services and technologies. Globalization operates on predetermined success followed by global norms of business principles, bringing a change in global civil society at a macro level. Some of the benefits of globalization are, increased employment opportunities in computer technology, opportunities to commence new businesses, scope for finding new customers through Internet. Globalization is not similar to internationalization, which reinstate a fact that in order to encourage globalization, political and economic processes of nations also have to be globalized to be in tune with globalization. Globalization can be successful, only when a nation’s economic policies are globalized. This once again reinstates a fact that there is a clear and close interconnectivity between globalization and economic development of nations. Economic globalization expands businesses, industrial sector, technology sector, science and research. Economic development strengthens the financial capacity of nations whether it is through export of goods or by a rise in stock market. Certainly, there is a huge impact on global civil society who directly or indirectly, participate and reciprocate by contributing a portion of service to the nation. International global political economy (IPE or GPE) is it in any way related to globalization? In this regard, â€Å"It is generally agreed that the 1970s have seen fundamental changes in the way in which the international political economy is organized, leading to a more global approach both in IPE/GPE and environment†. (Strange 1996; Scholte, 1993; Mittleman, 1997, Lipschutz, 1996). Further, it is important to understand what the ‘global’ definition states. â€Å"the encompassing of the whole globe rather than just regions. Therefore, it would not be technically, geographically, or indeed spatially correct to use the term globalization for economic, social, or political phenomena that affect only part of the (inhabited) world, as many authors do indeed propose†. (Gabriela Kutting, 2004). The environmentalism celebrated its anniversary in the year 2002 conducted by United Nations Conference on Economic Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. This was followed by 1971 Earth Day which framed the importance of global civil society. And it was 40 years since Silent Spring (Carson 1962) began the consciousness-raising work that many now credit with the birth of environmentalism as a social movement in America. †( Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello. 2004) â€Å"The concept â€Å"global† in contemporary environmentalism remains in this respect as essentially contested as are â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"accountability† in democratic politics†. â€Å"For now the struggle to define â€Å"global† may be one of the best avenues we have for engaging in a meaningful politics of globalism. (Sheila Jasanoff, Marybeth Long Martello, 2004) Protecting environment is an important aspect in global perspective. Conservation of forests, protection of wildlife, natural resources, controlling population, construction of dams, transport and infrastructure of states, are some of the basic criteria of a well developed nation, for which governments allocate a portion of budget every year. Global warming is also due to the cause of excessive industrialization and industrial pollution. Glaciers are also one of the causes, to the rise of water level in seas and oceans, causing floods, cyclones or other natural disasters to environment. United Nations has particularly been following up with island states in order to minimize the impact of the UN Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In simple form to explain, economic globalization leads to emission of more hazardous industrial gas, green house gases and automobile pollution. As a result of this, the health of environment is damaged bringing new sicknesses and epidemics such as SARS to people. There is a particular concern in 21st century about protecting environment above the parameters of economic development through globalization. From the times of 1940, when the actual industrialization began in United States till the present date, when globalization and industrialization has reached its peak and is still growing at a robust rate, a significant concern has emerged about global warming and about emission of green house gases, the causes of which have to be dealt with on an emergent need, which if ignored, may further deteriorate environment in a vast measure. This discussion of economic globalization and environment change are affecting each other, and it is important to give due consideration to each issue as a separate identity i. e. economic globalization advantages, disadvantages and its impact. Similarly the changes in environment, its negative impacts and effects and how these can be prevented. Especially environmental system brings huge unforeseen losses, such as loss of human lives in Tsunami (2004), Katrina ((2005), epidemics and loss of industrial houses and businesses, and in view of these, funds for disaster management have to be adequately provided. A periodical report of economic globalization and its impact on global civil society and above all, environment change must be followed by United Nations, WTO and World Bank in order to monitor, organize globalization and environment. The present world population is crossing the limit of six billion, which reveals a fact that, it is important to protect environment for the safe and secured health of its people. Further economic development has further disadvantage with devaluation of currency and inflation. Globally accepted currency for exchange of goods and services is admittedly U.  S. Dollar. A nation’s financial strength is determined by its regional currency exchange with U. S dollar. When U. S. dollar is devalued, it has a greater impact on all those nations, which are in trade with United States. â€Å"At the beginning of 1970s, Americans faced two economic problems: declining competitiveness and rising inflation. In 1971, for the first time in the twentieth century, the United States posted a trade deficit, meaning that Americans purchased more goods from other countries than they sold to people living in those countries†. Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) Further U. S spends huge amounts on wars such as Iraq (2003) and disaster management for Katrina (2005) which further adds to the deficit of U. S. budget. These unforeseen events, lead to an excessive monetary pressure on governments resulting in deficit budget and in slowing down the growth in economy, resulting in inflation. This further puts work pressure on workers of industries to produce more output as compared to the regular working hours. Whenever there is a crisis in government, the negative impact of crisis affects its population both financially and at emotional level. â€Å"On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon confronted both problems simultaneously. To improve U. S. competitiveness, he took steps to devalue the dollar in relation to currencies in Western Europe and Japan. And to fight inflation, he introduced price and wage controls, which were designed to limit wage raises and price increases. The Nixon shocks, as these were called in Japan, marked the beginning of U. S. efforts to solve two serious economic problems†. (Robert K. Schaeffer, 2005) There is financial crisis existing in all parts of the world. The World Bank and other respective regional Central Banks have been funding nations, to use funds in order to sustain financial crisis. Conclusion Protection of environment vis-a-vis economic development along with globalization are equally important for global economy whereas appropriate measures have to be considered.

LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Biology 2 Essays - Fish, Free Essays

LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Biology 2 Essays - Fish, Free Essays LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Biology 2 S11-08 Reflection Paper For the biology exhibit, the one that captivates me is the research about the milkfish and tilapia in Taal, Batangas. It captures my attention because it is very timely; we frequently eat tilapia for lunch or dinner, so it made me curious if we should continue to eat tilapia. They researched if parasites were the one responsible for the diseases or death of the tilapia and milkfish and to know the correlation of the psychochemical properties on parasites burden that may affect the growth and quality of milkfish and tilapia. Observation was made among all the samples that they captured, internally and externally. They weren't able to see parasites but able to see cysts, nodules and enlargement of intestines. This alarmed me but they said that it doesn't really give harm to us. It will just affect the quality of the fish. But then again, there will be a possible significant correlation between the fish growth in weight and length to psychochemical analysis of water. This also affects t he quantity of catch of the fishermen that affect their livelihood that is quite alarming. For the exhibit at the Ground Floor, the one that captures my attention is the reversed vending machine. From the name itself, it's quite intriguing. I'm surprised when the exhibitor started to put bottle or aluminium can in the opening 'door' of the machine because it gives off corresponding amount of money. The machine only accept bottles and cans that weigh 11-17g so to attain this, the exhibitor pour in liquid to the bottles and cans. Why it captivates me is that not only we benefit through the money that we are able to get, but also the environment because the bottles and cans that will be collected will be then sent to manufacturing establishments that will recycle them.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In Children

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In Children Free Online Research Papers Post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is among only a few mental disorders that are triggered by a disturbing outside event, quite unlike other psychiatric disorders such as depression. Many Americans experience individual traumatic events ranging from car and airplane accidents to sexual assault and domestic violence. Other experiences, including those associated with natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes, affect multiple people simultaneously. Dramatic and tragic events, like the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, and wars occur, and with media exposure such as we have today, even people not directly involved might be affected. Simply put, PTSD is a state in which you cant stop remembering. (WebMD) Some may think children are not affected by PTSD as adults are. This is not the case. Children are exposed to a wide variety of stressors such as: physical or sexual abuse, violence such as, shootings, national tragedies, or violence in the home, a severe accident, or natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, or tornados. PTSD can also occur in any age group. A child’s risk of developing PTSD after a traumatic event depends on several factors, some of which being: how many times the event occurs, how close the child was to the event, family and friends’ reactions to the event, how severe the trauma is and how close the child is to the victims. While the occurrence of PTSD in children following exposure to injuries and disasters varies, exposure to earthquakes and hurricanes caused the most frequent occurrences of PTSD in children. This may indicate that children experience a higher level of distress following exposure to natural disasters than following exposure to traffic accidents and injuries. Children who survive natural disasters may witness more injury and death to family and community members, destruction of their community, and adult distress than children exposed to car accidents and injuries, and these factors may contribute to the higher rates of PTSD. Children exposed to war may be at high risk for developing PTSD. Variables that may affect the occurrence and severity of PTSD in children exposed to war include proximity to the warfare; time elapsed since the war occurred and assessment of symptoms, duration of the war, and age of children. Studies of children exposed to physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect , hostage situations, and family and community violence found the occurrence of PTSD to be between 22% and 50%. However, a few studies found the occurrence of PTSD to be 100% by clinician interview among children following kidnapping or the witnessing of physical or sexual assault to murder of a parent. A few studies have assessed children’s psychological sequelae following school shootings. Pynoos et al. (1987) observed the occurrence of acute PTSD to be highest (77%) among the 35 children who witnessed a sniper attack on the playground. Acute PTSD also was observed in 67% of the 18 children inside the school, 26% of the 43 children not at school, and 18% of the 63 children on vacation. Sixty percent continued to meet full PTSD criteria 1 year after the attack. Knowing the deceased child and proximity to the attack were associated with PTSD symptoms. Proximity to trauma also was associated with severity of PTSD symptoms in several other studies of children. (Barbara J onker, 2003, pp. 46-47) The symptoms of PTSD may begin right after the event occurs, but they may not be noticeable until months later. When the trauma is a series of ongoing events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the symptoms will worsen over time. Following the trauma, children may initially show agitated or confused behavior. They also may show intense fear, helplessness, anger, sadness, horror or denial. Children who experience repeated trauma may develop a kind of emotional numbing to deaden or block the pain and trauma. This is called dissociation. Children with PTSD avoid situations or places that remind them of the trauma. They may also become less responsive emotionally, depressed, withdrawn, and more detached from their feelings. A child with PTSD may also re-experience the traumatic event by: having frequent memories of the event, or in young children, play in which some or all of the trauma is repeated over and over, having upsetting and frightening dreams, acting or feeling like the exp erience is happening again, and/or developing repeated physical or emotional symptoms when the child is reminded of the event. Children with PTSD may also show the following symptoms: worry about dying at an early age, losing interest in activities, having physical symptoms such as headaches and stomachaches, showing more sudden and extreme emotional reactions, having problems falling or staying asleep, showing irritability or angry outbursts, having problems concentrating, acting younger than their age (for example, clingy or whiny behavior, thumb sucking), showing increased alertness to the environment, and repeating behavior that reminds them of the trauma (American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999). PTSD is not usually diagnosed until at least one month has passed since the traumatic event since symptoms usually develop within the first three months after the trauma has occurred. An anxiety disorder that lasts for less than one month is termed â€Å"acute stress disorder†. Before a diagnosis of PTSD can be made symptoms must significantly disrupt the patient’s lifestyle and last for more than one month. Children that exhibit symptoms of PTSD also demonstrate concurrent ADHD, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Borderline personality disorder is also linked to PTSD. A wide range of psychotherapeutic and educational techniques have been proved successful in alleviating the PTSD symptoms and distress experienced by children who have been sexually abused. Individual psychoanalytically oriented play therapy and psychotherapy have been used effectively with youngsters who have been sexually abused, as well as group therapy, whereas family treatment modalities have been used with some families that are dysfunctional and abusive According to Yule (1989), group counseling affords the opportunity to reinforce the normative nature of the childrens reactions and recovery, to share mutual concerns and traumatic reminders, to address common fears and avoidant behavior, to increase tolerance for disturbing affects, to provide early attention to depressive reactions, and to aid recovery through age-appropriate and situation-specific problem solving. Ultimately, the clinician must help the child to see that his or her pathological defenses, personality traits, and distorted object relations that have served to master the abusive experience and to control or ward off further assault are not serving him or her in non-traumatic, non-abusive environments. This can only be accomplished when the counselor helps the child to link these PTSD symptoms and defenses back to the original traumatic experiences, which are uncovered, remembered, refrained, and assimilated in the safety of the counseling setting. Family therapy, when warranted, can also help the family understand the manifestations of the symptomatology of PTSD, the meaning the child has attached to the abuse experience, and how to effectively intervene to help the child return to a healthy level of functioning (Putman, 2009). Research shows that cognitive-behavioral therapy is most effective on PTSD and other anxiety related disorders; however most mental health practitioners use other therapies for children and teens. Children with these types of psychological issues tend to do poorly in school if they are inadequately treated or go untreated. Other behavioral therapies are also useful. Gradual exposure therapy teaches the child to stay relaxed while being exposed to situations that remind him or her of the trauma. Family therapy may also be helpful. Family therapy treats the whole family rather than just the child. Children often feel very supported when parents and siblings attend therapy with them and work as a group. Medicines are sometimes needed when the symptoms are very severe. Medicines may help reduce symptoms of being scared and having flashbacks. Regardless of what types of treatments are used, it is important for any child suspected of having an anxiety disorder to receive professional m edical and psychological treatment on a regular basis. American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. (1999, October). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 70. Retrieved November 22, 2009, from www.aacap.org: aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/posttraumatic_stress_disorder_ptsd Barbara Jonker, M. R. (2003). Acute Stress Disorder in Children Related to Violence. (Poster, Ed.) Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 16 (2), 41-51. Gayle Zieman, P. (2008, November). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and teens. Retrieved November 2009, from Health and Wellness Resource Center: northeaststate.edu:2069/servlet/HWRC/hits?r=dtext3=text2=rlt=1bucket=reftext1=A189489683n=10l=dindex3=index2=index1=RNtcit=1_0_0_0_0_0c=1docNum=A189489683locID=tel_a_nestccsecondary=falses=11 Putman, S. E. (2009, Winter). The monsters in my head posttraumatic stress disorder and the child survivor of sexual abuse. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from Health Reference Center Academic Infotrac: northeaststate.edu:2053/gtx/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC- DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3 AFQE%3D%28SU%2CNone%2C32%29%22post- traumatic+stress+disorder%22%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28TX%2CNone%2C9%29treat ment%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D WebMD. (n.d.). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from www.webmd.com: webmd.com/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder Research Papers on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In ChildrenEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoGenetic EngineeringHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

How to Write an Evaluation Essay on the Affordable Care Act

How to Write an Evaluation Essay on the Affordable Care Act You’ve already checked out our guides on 10 facts on Affordable Care Act for an evaluation essay, and 20 topics on Affordable Care Act for an evaluation essay, which also highlighted a sample essay on one of the topics, for your ease and convenience. Before you get started on the writing, you should check out this guide to better understand exactly how to write an evaluation essay on the Affordable Care Act. The entire purpose behind writing an essay like this is to make sure your point of view on the Affordable Care Act is properly presented with well-articulated opinions. You should start off with a brief summary of the topic, then proceed towards a conclusion while presenting carefully constructing paragraphs. Portray examples, facts and statistics so that your opinion on the matter holds water. You need to make sure that you present a thesis which is simple to understand yet, complex enough to showcase your knowledge. This thesis should reflect a unique criteria and the rest of the body needs to evaluate the topic while keeping the criteria in focus. Let’s do this step-by-step to make sure you understand everything thoroughly: Find a Topic which You Can Evaluate Properly Even though in a previous guide, we gave examples of interesting topics on the Affordable Care Act for an evaluation essay, it helps to list down your areas of interest in the general topic. Start Working on Your Thesis Statement This thesis needs to showcase your research and knowledge on the topic and helps you by giving direction and weight to your opinions. The thesis should hold a collective key to your arguments, whether negative or positive. Define your topic and arguments This is the part where you display the might of your command on the topic, dissecting it through statistics and facts to further prove your opinion. Make Sure Your Focus Remains on a Singular Criteria It is very easy to lose yourself in the information and research while writing an evaluation essay. You better understand this particular step, let’s assume you want to evaluate a book; you can evaluate the criteria based on several factors such as its storyline, characters or ending. This way, you can also create the criteria for a topic based on the Affordable Care Act, for your evaluation essay. Once the criteria is set, you need to level some form of criticism at it, whether negatively or positively. Every pro or con needs to be implored upon in depth. If you can, then it’s always interesting and impressive to see examples attached with each critique. These pointers should prove to be highly useful while writing a compelling evaluation essay on the Affordable Care Act. We wish you the very best!

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT - Essay Example However, every technology implementation requires extensive IT skills, education and training. This paper covers the analysis of different aspects of the information requirements and management decision-making at different organizational levels that require education and training. In this scenario this research will present a detailed analysis of different features of information requirements and management decision-making business systems implementation regarding education and training. Society is going toward the new era where the future fundamentally will be determined through peoples capability to intelligently utilize knowledge, a valuable global resource that is the personification of human intellectual technology and capital. Since, the new knowledge-based business and economy offer a great deal facilities for the distribution, utilization of information and knowledge, and its creation. Thus, in this latest economy, companies and individuals are required to pay attention on the ways that can be used to enhance and maintain their knowledge capital to bring innovation since the capability to adapt, learn, and change has turned out to be a core competency to survive in the marketplace (Psarras, 2007) and (Sunassee & Sewry, 2003). Psarras (2006) stated that it is apparent that in the latest knowledge-based financial system the need for training and education will increase. However, to effectively manage the economic system, new information technology offers the t ransformation in companies and individuals that will best attain their educational objectives as well as best satisfy the demand for business knowledge (Psarras, 2007). This paper presents a detailed analysis of the information requirements and management decision-making at different levels within the education and training sector. Martins (2007) outlined that in last decade business and corporate knowledge management (KM) have started to come out as an area of interest in business,

Interview student from Russia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview student from Russia - Article Example These are special workshops, where we meet together and discuss current issues. I try to visit as many activities as possible, for example, we have workshops on politics, economics, films and music, literature. During our last meeting (before I went to the US) we discussed the perspective of the European Union and the results of referendums in France and the Netherlands. As for me, I think, this idea has always been a bit artificial, it doesn't bring much profit comparing with the money that is spent to support it, look at the Euro, its strength won't last for long. But that is only my opinion. I am to prove it, I have to write an essay with my ideas. - In the beginning of the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was felt lack of finance in education, while in the US there was much attention paid to it. In the Soviet Union education was free; nowadays we have an alternative, whether to study at the state or private (which means one is to pay much for it) school, college, university. By the way, the same situation is in the sphere of medicine. - Officially, yes, but the waiting list would be very long, so, most probably, you wouldn't need any medical treatment already. That's why unofficially you have to give money to doctors or buy medicines. Then, speaking about the system of education, as for me, I study at the State University for free and even get a scholarship, but there are students who pay for their studies and these sums are really large, so, I'm afraid, higher education is not available for everyone. - In the US you have the opportunity to decide by yourself whether to study only or to work or combine your job with studies at the college or university. I think, that working while studying is very important because it is a good training and experience. - In Russia education is compulsory only for first eight classes, then you can go to work, if you want to enter the university, you are to study for two more years, and then try to pass your exams for higher education. I try to combine studies and job, though sometimes it causes problems either at the University of at work... - Let's talk about everyday life in Russia. In what ways is it interesting or strange Is it harder or easier for an average citizen in financial aspect, for example Is it hard for you, in particular - Yes. I understand. In Western countries there are very many stereotypes about Russia: that its whole population consists either of starving alcoholics or gangsters (or gangsters-alcoholics). But fortunately it is not so. Believe me. Of course, there are gangsters, like in any country - in big cities it can be rather dangerous to appear in the street late at night. As for vodka, it is still a problem, especially in the countryside, because people can't find job there, the Soviet system of kolkhoz and sovkhoz (farms which belong to the state)

Jim Boeheim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jim Boeheim - Essay Example Born in 1944, James Arthur Boeheim or famously known as Jim Boeheim is currently serving the men’s basketball team at the Syracuse University as the Head Coach (Waters, 2013). Having a huge experience in the field of sports and leadership, Boeheim has made the Orange team of the Syracuse University into the NCAA Tournament 30 times. Boeheim also guided the team for final four match appearances in 1987, 1996, 2003, and 2013 and the NCAA championship in 2003 (SyracuseUniveristy, 2014). Not only this, he has also guided the Syracuse men’s basketball team to nine ‘Big East’ regular season championships and five Big East Tournament Championships. Because of his strong coaching experience and his effective leadership skills, Boeheim is currently the second on the Wins List of Men’s NCAA Division I Coaches (Pitoniak, 2011). The 880th win of Boeheim was earned in 2012, surpassing the total of Dean Smith’s wins of 879. These wins are calculated for a head coach at a single school for his most wins (Baker, 2010). Boeheim has also served the United States men’s basketball team, during the World Championship of FIBA 1990, FIBA 2006, Summer Olympics in 2008, FIBA World Championship 2010, and the Summer Olympics of 2012 (Baker, 2010). He has also served as the chairman of the USA Basketball Men’s Junior National Committee during the period 2009 to 2012. He has the honor of being President of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC). In September 2005, in recognition to his remarkable achievements  Boeheim was included in the Basketball Hall of Fame  in the field of basketball (Pitoniak, 2011). Jim Boeheim has guided the Orange team through various tournaments, both national and international and has brought home many titles (Pitoniak, 2011). It is because of his strong leadership skills and capabilities that the Orange team of the

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Financial Management - Essay Example Interest rate swaps are especially useful where on one hand, a firm wants to receive/make payment in the form of a variable interest rate and on the other hand another firm which prefers instead to receive/make payment in the form of fixed interest rate so as to limit its future risk. The first swap was executed over thirty years ago (Corb, 2012). The rationale behind such a derivative instrument is that, both parties to the financial arrangement have their own distinct priorities and requirements such that in swapping, there is a mutual benefit to be derived. This benefit arises from three major elements of the capital market: The comparative advantage, information asymmetries and fixed rate debt vis-a-vis the embedded options (Flavell, 2010). In essence, the monetary gain one party makes through the swap contract is equal to the monetary loss of the counterparty to the contract. This is to say that although there is the overall benefit of a minimized risk arising from uncertainties within the financial market, one party to the contract will incur some monetary loss. ... The most common forms of interest rate swaps include: Fixed for floating interest rate swap Floating for fixed interest swaps Same currency swaps Different currency swaps Discussion For firms such as ABC limited, a variable for fixed interest rate swap is very desirable. Firstly, with regard to synthetic fixed rate financing (also referred to as signaling). The asymmetric nature of the information environment means that firms themselves possess a better view of their levels of credit risks. As such, they require a credible way(s) of transmitting such information to the investors within the market. The firm’s borrowing of a short term debt instrument and swapping it for a fixed debt instrument signals good levels of credit of the firm to the market (Flavell, 2010). A firm is only able to do this in light of its improving future prospects. Any subsequent floating/variable debt instruments sought after will be at better and better rates (since the market can in itself recognize t his) provided that the market is sure that the firm’s projected level of credit is sound. Ordinarily, the market reacts harshly to any false signaling by firms about their credit levels. The market conducts a comparison of the firm’s signal now and its performance in the subsequent period; where the firm’s credit has not risen, the market assumes that the signaling was false and retrospectively the market may downgrade the firm’s credit rating by more than usual. Secondly, the underlying principal is not exchanged or swapped. This means that the maximum loss is substantially minimized to the net payments to the counterparties of the swap contract. Additionally, where the interest rate on floating debt

Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication Research Paper

Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication - Research Paper Example Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication In this system, the teacher gives an assignment that has to be done practically in the field by the students, using the second language, being taught. The students take up the assignments and have to make a choice regarding the setting where they would like to perform their tasks on. Students may choose to talk to the customer care mobile operator, interview a doctor, talk to a government official, talk to members of staff who are adept in communicating in that particular language taken by the student or rather a fellow student who is conversant in communicating in that language. Since the operation is student centered, the students undertake it and file a report on the task. This extends to the presentation of the tasks in class. The teacher then has the responsibility to analyze and give a score in conjunction to the student’s work. This poses major challenges in administration by the teachers, honesty in the part of the student and sentimental trade-offs. The task-based instruction learning system is coupled with several quandaries. It involves focus on the utilization of a given target second language by students. Such assignments include communicating with different people. Assessments of performance ids analyzed from the perspective of the outcome of the assignment as disputed to the expertise or accuracy of the student in that particular language.... The problems begin from this point. Since this method of learning is more students centered and has minimal supervision by the teachers, the students may decide not to advance their vocabulary and explore the language with proficiency. They might limit themselves to simple, elementary vocabulary that is not advancing their proficiency in the second language being studied. Other students may seek to rely on the others working. Another challenge is that of time shortage. Students may run out of time in the practical tasks extending to failure. If not properly organized, the practical task may prove to be confusing and cumbersome in terms of the size of the student body being analyzed. Limited resources and confidence by the students can be a major trade off. Significance of the Problem The quandaries, outlines above are significant in such a way that they affect the task based instructional kind of education to students who take a particular language as the second language. This poses a major debate on whether the system of education is up to standard. However, research will definitely aid in the explanation of the problem and various ways of dealing with its outcome, as well as prospecting the major ways of solving this query. The system of education, as mentioned above, has various disadvantages and poses an immense challenge to those applying it in education. These challenges ought to be addressed and put into profound consideration. The issue also has a streak of advantage as it helps students to push harder and avoid imminent victimization, which may be quite challenging to detach oneself from. The research also looks into different analyses by former and present writers in a way that the

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Drama - Essay Example In this case, Jack lies about his brother’s death and makes his relatives to believe the lie. Jack does all this drama by feigning seriousness. He pretends to be mourned by use of costumes and some props Wilde claims that Algernon joins Cecily in making up fairy tales, although they have no intention of deceiving anybody; the lies will definitely hurt some other character (78). The author portrays Cecily and Agernon as the architects of their lives. This is because they are creative and thoughtful on issues, which concern them. The false impressions of the characters like Jack, Cecily and Algernon serve to reveal their true personalities. In this case, Jack and Algernon use hypocrisy and deception to be free of domestic duties. The freedom affords them an opportunity to engage in pleasurable activities and leisure. The characters could not readily embrace the fact that their engagements were to end soon. In this regard, Jack tells Algernon, ‘†¦ You wont be able to run down to the country quite so often as you used to do, dear Algy†¦ You wont be able to disappear to London quite so frequently as your wicked custom was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Wilde 34). This implies that Algernon and Jack always enjoyed the freedom and the end of the freedom caused them pain and sorrow. Hypocrisy is also manifest in the infatuation between Gwendolyn and Cecily. These characters pretend to be in love, but they confirm the contrary, when they disagree on Earnest. The language used by most of the characters in this play has epigrams, which depicts deception. In this regard, the speeches made by the characters do not conform to logical sense. Hypocrisy is prevalent in the Victorian society given that the participants harbor ill attitudes. This is manifest when Gwendolyn and Cecily misbehave before the servants. Additionally, this element is portrayed by Lady Blackwell when she warms to Cecily on account of her richness. Both of them want to marry Earnest but it turns

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Financial Management - Essay Example Interest rate swaps are especially useful where on one hand, a firm wants to receive/make payment in the form of a variable interest rate and on the other hand another firm which prefers instead to receive/make payment in the form of fixed interest rate so as to limit its future risk. The first swap was executed over thirty years ago (Corb, 2012). The rationale behind such a derivative instrument is that, both parties to the financial arrangement have their own distinct priorities and requirements such that in swapping, there is a mutual benefit to be derived. This benefit arises from three major elements of the capital market: The comparative advantage, information asymmetries and fixed rate debt vis-a-vis the embedded options (Flavell, 2010). In essence, the monetary gain one party makes through the swap contract is equal to the monetary loss of the counterparty to the contract. This is to say that although there is the overall benefit of a minimized risk arising from uncertainties within the financial market, one party to the contract will incur some monetary loss. ... The most common forms of interest rate swaps include: Fixed for floating interest rate swap Floating for fixed interest swaps Same currency swaps Different currency swaps Discussion For firms such as ABC limited, a variable for fixed interest rate swap is very desirable. Firstly, with regard to synthetic fixed rate financing (also referred to as signaling). The asymmetric nature of the information environment means that firms themselves possess a better view of their levels of credit risks. As such, they require a credible way(s) of transmitting such information to the investors within the market. The firm’s borrowing of a short term debt instrument and swapping it for a fixed debt instrument signals good levels of credit of the firm to the market (Flavell, 2010). A firm is only able to do this in light of its improving future prospects. Any subsequent floating/variable debt instruments sought after will be at better and better rates (since the market can in itself recognize t his) provided that the market is sure that the firm’s projected level of credit is sound. Ordinarily, the market reacts harshly to any false signaling by firms about their credit levels. The market conducts a comparison of the firm’s signal now and its performance in the subsequent period; where the firm’s credit has not risen, the market assumes that the signaling was false and retrospectively the market may downgrade the firm’s credit rating by more than usual. Secondly, the underlying principal is not exchanged or swapped. This means that the maximum loss is substantially minimized to the net payments to the counterparties of the swap contract. Additionally, where the interest rate on floating debt

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Drama - Essay Example In this case, Jack lies about his brother’s death and makes his relatives to believe the lie. Jack does all this drama by feigning seriousness. He pretends to be mourned by use of costumes and some props Wilde claims that Algernon joins Cecily in making up fairy tales, although they have no intention of deceiving anybody; the lies will definitely hurt some other character (78). The author portrays Cecily and Agernon as the architects of their lives. This is because they are creative and thoughtful on issues, which concern them. The false impressions of the characters like Jack, Cecily and Algernon serve to reveal their true personalities. In this case, Jack and Algernon use hypocrisy and deception to be free of domestic duties. The freedom affords them an opportunity to engage in pleasurable activities and leisure. The characters could not readily embrace the fact that their engagements were to end soon. In this regard, Jack tells Algernon, ‘†¦ You wont be able to run down to the country quite so often as you used to do, dear Algy†¦ You wont be able to disappear to London quite so frequently as your wicked custom was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Wilde 34). This implies that Algernon and Jack always enjoyed the freedom and the end of the freedom caused them pain and sorrow. Hypocrisy is also manifest in the infatuation between Gwendolyn and Cecily. These characters pretend to be in love, but they confirm the contrary, when they disagree on Earnest. The language used by most of the characters in this play has epigrams, which depicts deception. In this regard, the speeches made by the characters do not conform to logical sense. Hypocrisy is prevalent in the Victorian society given that the participants harbor ill attitudes. This is manifest when Gwendolyn and Cecily misbehave before the servants. Additionally, this element is portrayed by Lady Blackwell when she warms to Cecily on account of her richness. Both of them want to marry Earnest but it turns

Lobby Essay Example for Free

Lobby Essay The objectives of the architect 1- To cluster the public facilities- restaurants, lounges, conference rooms, front desk and so forth around the lobby, ensuring hotel guests can find the various facilities with a minimum difficulty. 2- Also when guests linger in it, the lobby in it, the lobby serves as an informal gathering space. It also functions as a control point with the staff visually over seeing access throughout the building. 3- Provide clear path to front desk, food and beverage, reservation, public relation officer through the lobby. 4- Make the front desk visible to entering guests. It should have sufficient space for check in / check out lines and have direct access to the front office. [pic] 2. 0 Profile of our hotel Le Royal Hotel is set on a superb location, tucked between Le Morne Mountain and one of Mauritius’ most beautiful beaches. It stretches itself on the spectacular Le Morne Peninsula, on the South-West tip of the island. This luxury hotel covers an impressive 150-hectare, bordered by 7 km of protected beaches and the largest lagoon of Mauritius. With a name that says it all, Le Royal Hotel positions itself as the ultimate 5-star resort in Mauritius. It offers 2 Spas and a total of 7 superb restaurants, with different cuisines and characteristics. The hotel also boasts a stylish collection of high-quality accommodation, including Junior and Senior Suites and 13 luxury seaside Villas featuring their private beaches. Le Royal Hotel also proposes a comprehensive array of land and water sports including diving and deep-sea fishing. [pic] 3. 0 What is a lobby? Every hotel, regardless of its size, must have a public lobby. The size of the lobby is largely determined by the number of guest rooms as well as by the type of hotel that is on the architect’s drawing boards. It goes without saying that the larger the hotel, the larger the lobby. The lobby will also have to be larger in a resort or convenient hotel. A resort hotel will require a large lobby because guests will congregate there in the evening. A hotel catering to conventions needs a large lobby because here again there is a constant gathering of conventioneers before they go off to lectures, seminars, meetings, luncheons, and dinners. There is no rule of thumb to determine the size of a lobby. One must proceed by making a careful study of similar types of hotels and arrive at decisions after discussions with hotel operators and managers. A hotel lobby sets the mood for a hotel. This space, more than any other, will create the first and usually the most lasting impression. Furnishings, color, finishing materials, lighting, and decor must create the proper ambience regardless of whether the hotel is large or small, in a city or a resort, moderately priced or expensive. The interior designer plays a most vital part in planning and designing hotel lobbies. [pic] 4. 0 Plan of the lobby [pic] 5. 0 The functional areas of the lobby; 5. 1 Cyber Cafe There would be a cyber cafe located near the main restaurant. The guests will have access to the computers and Internet access is also available. The room is also composed with a fax a telecopy service that can help the guests from time to time. [pic] 5. 2 Luggage Room It is where we put the cases and the belongings of the guests after their arrival to the hotel. The baggages will be put there and shortly after that the guests have completed the formalities it will be out to the respective guests’ rooms. The luggage compartment is not so big; it occupies a small space only. [pic] 5. 3 Lounge It is the sitting area. The lounge is near the front office and face to the main entrance. It is divided into two sections where the guests and employees can provide services to the latter more easily. The lounge is also composed with some plants just to give a sense of relaxation in the hotel. [pic] 5. 4 The back offices The back offices are mainly composed of the Sales Marketing department, the Reservation office department, Administration department and the Front Office department. All these departments are located at the back of the Front Office found in the lobby. There will be a corridor with the door for staff entrance close to the Front Office desk. The guests won’t have access to the back of the house area of the hotel. [pic] 5. 5 Main Entrance The main entrance of the lobby will have a width of approximately 5-6 meters where it will make circulation a lot more comfortable. The main entrance has also been built by taking into consideration disable persons; a special floor is made available to those people. [pic] 5. 6 Administration office Office Administration is a set of day-to-day activities related to financial planning, billing and recordkeeping, personnel, and physical distribution and logistics, within a business. Administrative functions Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common set of functions to meet the organizations goals. †¢ Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. It maps the path from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order. Administrators engage in both short-range and long-range planning. †¢ Organizing involves identifying responsibilities to be performed, grouping responsibilities into departments or divisions, and specifying organizational relationships. The purpose is to achieve coordinated effort among all the elements in the organization. Organizing must take into account delegation of authority and responsibility and span of control within supervisory units. †¢ Staffing means filling job positions with the right people at the right time. It involves determining staffing needs, writing job descriptions, recruiting and screening people to fill the positions. †¢ Directing is leading people in a manner that achieves the goals of the organization. This involves proper allocation of resources and providing an effective support system. Directing requires exceptional interpersonal skills and the ability to motivate people. One of the crucial issues in directing is to find the correct balance between emphasis on staff needs and emphasis on production. †¢ Controlling is the function that evaluates quality in all areas and detects potential or actual deviations from the organizations plan. This functions purpose is to ensure high-quality performance and satisfactory results while maintaining an orderly and problem-free environment. Controlling includes information management, measurement of performance, and institution of corrective actions. Budgeting, exempted from the list above, incorporates most of the administrative functions, beginning with the implementation of a budget plan through the application of budget controls. 5. 7 Lifts Lifts are expensive. They should be wider than they are deep to facilitate entry. Tough surfaces are required to resist damage by baggage. The main lift bank must be visible on ente ring the reception area. Specialist design of the lift system may be necessary. Additional service lifts may also be required for housekeeping and room service. There are often one or two service lifts to every three guests’ lifts, and these open onto service lobbies on each floor. At least one lift should be large enough to take furniture such as bed or bath, or a stretcher case as accidents and illness occur in hotels, and it may be preferable not to use the public areas in such event. [pic] 5. 8 Stairs Staircase design is dictated by fire escape requirements. The main stairs should be beside the lift bank to enable guests to find them easily, with secondary stairs at the end of each corridor. Some ramps may be required for guests using wheelchairs. [pic] 5. 9 Concierge The concierge counter is located at the right of the entrance. The counter is normally occupied by one person; therefore there is no need for a large desk. The concierge counter has drawers for keys, message indicator panels, and the wake up system, brochure holders, and the stationery drawer. A concierge is somebody who works at the concierge counter and very often has great contacts and can make things happen that the guest might not be able to do. For example, if the guest needs theater tickets, or if the guest needs a reservation at an exclusive restaurant, often a hotel concierge can use his or her contacts and make those things happen. They can also do some fairly ordinary things too, for example, helping the guest print out a boarding pass or helping the guest with flight arrangements, but theyre great at doing things that just seem impossible. In a nutshell, the concierge is there to satisfy the needs of the guest. [pic] 5. 10 The public relation counter The public relation counter is located at the left of the entrance. This enables the guest relation officers to quickly reach the guests as they enter the lobby and this facilitates the work of both the public relation officers and the guests. The public relation counter is enhanced with lightings and plants. This counter has been set up so as the queries of the guests can be satisfied. The public relation officer can be asked to organize a wedding, therefore he has to make suitable arrangements concerning the wedding and if additional requirement is needed. [pic] 5. 11 Reception Reception areas should provide a clear introduction to the building, with straightforward unobstructed routes to the enquiry desk, lift, stairs and waiting area. A screened telephone point is helpful, especially in buildings where visitors will need to call taxis or waiting colleagues. The reception of our hotel is located at the right of the entrance. The reception is enhanced by lightings and this contributes to the esthetics aspects of the reception. The reception desk is large enough so as to be able to accommodate the different working stationeries and office tools; the computer, printer, credit/debit card transactions, telephones. There is enough space at the reception to allow paper work to be carried out comfortably, to cater many guests at a time and to allow the employees to move comfortably. [pic] 5. 12 The Water Fountain For most consumers, indoor fountains are decorative water features that simply look good as lifestyle furnishing items in traditional or contemporary homes. The benefit of flowing water is maintaining a balanced, healthy and serene environment. Given that they moisturize the atmosphere in air-conditioned rooms or buildings, relieve stress in pressured lives and are a powerful form of relaxation therapy for hyperactive children, insomniacs, and those living with noisy neighbors or busy roads Water features add an element of natural energy and serenity to any environment. Fountains designers and their clients are increasingly choosing water features as a compelling, cost effective way to distinguish and differentiate their work and home environment. [pic] 5. 13 Information desk The information desk is located at the left of the entrance. This is the desk where the different tour operators would be present and allowing them to be within the reach of the guests. Tourists can get different magazines from which they can get information about the hotel’s surroundings and some places of interest. The tour operators can guide them whenever they have any problems or questions pic] 5. 14 The Main Restaurant â€Å"La Belle Vue† is the main restaurant of the hotel. The name of the restaurant has been chosen in relation to its location which faces the sea. Guests have the opportunity to admire the blue lagoon every time they are having their meal. The atrium area is treated casually, with brick paving and tables with cloth runners in a low-ceilinged interior space. The intermediate zone is more formal, and the â€Å"interior section includes leather banquettes, table linen, lower lighting levels and such additional accessories such as artwork. It is also an exhibition cooking area where the chef is visible. Guests like to see who is preparing their meals. This design also brings chefs out of the kitchen. The restaurant will offer different moods for breakfast or dinner, for family groups or couples and for informal meals or special-occasion dinners. [pic] 5. 15 The Main Bar The â€Å"Skipper’s Deck† is the main bar of the hotel. It is close to the main restaurant as it provides easy accessibility to guests. The bar is very spacious with seating all around it and can accommodate around 75 guests. The bar also faces the sea and guests are able to admire the seaside as well as the sunset in the evening. A variety of alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks are made available to guests. There are the classic cocktails as well as the exotic ones prepared by the barman. The bar is in an open space which makes it really accessible to guests who can spend their day relaxing there. There is also a corner where artists make their representations at night to improve the overall atmosphere. [pic] 5. 16 Tourist shops Tourist shops provide a space where guests can do their shopping with souvenirs, clothes, artifacts†¦ at hand. In the tourist shops, one can have Mauritian handicrafts and souvenirs and also the guests have access to useful stationary that can be use to send post cards to relatives and friends during their holidays. [pic] 5. 17 The Patio Patios are typically made of concrete or stone slabs laid over a firm base. This base is often formed of a layer of compacted hardcore, a layer of sharp sand, and a layer of cement mortar. The firmness and stability of the base is essential to the robustness of the top layer of slabs an infirm base will typically result in cracked slabs. Patios that hold a lot of weight, such as driveways, require stronger foundations than those that are designed for light use. A patio is an outdoor space generally used for dining or recreation that often adjoins a residence. The patio of our hotel is found near the main bar and is on a terrace from which the guests can have a sea-side view. For the decoration we have covered the concrete floor with teak wood. The guests can relax and have their food in the open area. [pic] 5. 18 The Coffee shop Coffee shops focus on providing coffee and tea as well as light snacks. The coffee shop is mainly used by tourists who are both waiting to check in or check out and is available on a 24hr basis. The coffee shop provides a rapid service and it can be used as a place for relaxation. [pic] 6. 0 Materials and decorations The materials which have been used in the designing of the lobby have been meticulously chosen. The materials are durable and particularly esthetic for the lobby. They have also been chosen in accordance with the theme of the hotel which is a tropical style. Durable materials are indeed very costly but however, they can resist and maintain them with the high traffic, impact and scrapping. Tropical style Tropical chic is one of the most popular looks today. It includes comfort, warmth, and a touch of the exotic, using jungle themes, restful colors, and natural textural elements. Its a style that has fresh appeal with touches of traditional. This is not the multi-colored jungle look you might choose for a childs room. It mixes lots of texture and intricate pattern with simple details and a few large accessories. Common motifs include stylized palm trees, large leafed banana plants, monkeys, animal prints, rattan, leather, and grass cloth. Here are some of the underlying elements and themes of a tropical look of our lobby. Colors This tropical palette is influenced by palm trees and sunny skies. Other palettes may include brighter hues reflecting the culture and history of the region. A Balinese interior will have deeper, richer colors. Furniture and Finishes Exotic hardwoods like teak, rosewood and â€Å"koa† are used for furniture. Natural materials like cane, sea grass, water hyacinth, banana leaf and rattan are woven to form chairs, sofas and tables and a myriad of accents. Fabrics Look for prints that feature palm trees and their far-reaching fronds and tropical plants with vivid, beautiful blooms like hibiscus, anthurium, orchid and Bird of Paradise. For a more refined look incorporate Thai silks and floral-printed linen. Art and Accessories Look to the beach for inspiration and find ways to incorporate them into the room. Tropical plants set in wicker planters, shells displayed in jars or shadow boxes and baskets, mats and rugs made of natural materials like rattan and sea grass will all infuse the room with a warm-weather attitude.

Surveillance Cameras And The Right To Privacy

Surveillance Cameras And The Right To Privacy With the rapid advancements in technology, video surveillance platforms have become a widely used method to enhance security in both the public and private settings. These systems act as a force multiplier and provide constant surveillance in areas that are difficult or impractical to do so by other means. Surveillance of public areas has become an area of concern for privacy advocates. While these systems have so far successfully navigated legal challenges, abuse or misuse of the systems can jeopardize the ability to continue their use. In the years following 9/11, a considerable investment has been made by federal, state, and local governments to increase security and protect the homeland. Areas that once were not given a second thought by law enforcement agencies are now considered high value targets. A key to maximizing law enforcements effectiveness to cope with the growing demand for service has been to increase their use of technology. Video surveillance systems are one way they have made investments that act as force multipliers and allow one operator to monitor multiple locations simultaneously, regardless of how remote or difficult to access the locations are. This increased need for surveillance has coincided with advancements in technology that have made the necessary equipment to operate a video surveillance system more available, functional, and at a lower cost. Government entities are not the only organizations tapping into this emerging technology, many private businesses are also installing surveilla nce cameras to protect their assets. It is difficult to argue with the benefits of employing these systems when you consider for a moment that it was a bank ATM camera that filmed Timothy McVeigh parking a Ryder truck outside Oklahoma Citys federal office building just before the April 1994 blast that killed 167 people. Had it not been for this critical evidence, the outcome of the investigation may have been very different. While there are certainly benefits to this enhanced level of safekeeping, some watchdog groups have cautioned that this security comes at a cost, but does the end result in fact justify the means. At one time in the not so distant past it was uncommon to see video surveillance being used at all with the exception of large shopping malls, banks, and other private businesses where large amounts of money or high valued property was found. It simply was not cost effective for smaller businesses to make the investment. However, with increased availability and decreased cost it is not uncommon to see these systems in place almost anywhere, to include small businesses, private homes, and even religious centers. The sophistication of modern surveillance platforms provides a higher quality, easier to use system. Video surveillance has always been a useful tool to document an event for use at a later time as evidence against the perpetrator of some act, but modern systems are intuitive and will not only record an event they can be programmed to activate certain real time triggers to sound alarms, alert the owner, and/or the police. Probably more than any other benefits, employing video surveillance security systems have filled an immense security void created by lacking human assets (Crean, 2002). Law enforcement agencies have never been able to be in all places at once so they employed staffing and patrol protocols that covered as much terrain as possible. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, along with several other high profile incidents occurring here and abroad, have highlighted the fact that current public safety initiatives were unsatisfactory. Law enforcement agencies had to find ways to do more with their current levels of staffing. One solution was to employ an elaborate array of video surveillance systems as force multipliers. Examples of U.S. cities where this strategy has been employed are Chicago, New York, and Washington D.C. Chicagos public safety managers have access to a collection of approximately 15,000 publicly and privately owned cameras. It is estimated that from their operations center officials can monitor 232 square miles of Chicagos urban landscape. In New Yorks Times Square, an area no larger than about half a square mile, as many as 200 surveillance cameras are active at all times. Washington D.C. Metro Police may have them all beat. During a tour of their command center with CBS News reporter Erin Moriarty, D.C. Police Chief Charles Ramsey was asked about what officers were monitoring on several of the screens in the center. Ramsey explained they were observing a group of protestors at one of the local public buildings. When asked how many cameras they currently had observing the activities of the group, Chief Ramsey commented that they had twelve of their own, but had access to a practically unlimited number as a result of being able to tap into images being fed by an array of privately an d publically owned surveillance systems in the immediate vicinity (2010). These devices are accessible on demand via wireless routers and Internet connections. This on demand capability is not restricted to their command center. Field units, if equipped properly, also have the ability to remote access video surveillance images via a wireless connection. Technology has provided the ability to create this link to nearly any device capable of a Wi-Fi connection. Whether it be the laptop computer in an officers patrol car or the handheld PDA a precinct commander carries. The San Diego Police Department has taken this technology one step further and automated it (2010). Instead of merely providing on demand access to the assortment of public and private video surveillance systems in the city, they automatically make that real time information available to officers who are operating their laptop equipped police cruiser in the vicinity of the system. This video information is also available on demand at the police dispatch center. The benefits to this set up with respects to enhancing officer safety are incredible. Imagine the lone police officer responding to a commercial building alarm in the middle of the night. As soon as the dispatch center receives the call they would be alerted that a video surveillance system is available. Before the responding officer puts their vehicle in drive to go to the call, the dispatch center is already studying the location for signs of trouble. When the officer is within a few blocks of the business he receives a noti fication on his computer that the building has video uplink capabilities. Prior to arriving he pulls to the curb and in just a few seconds is able to view the real time surveillance video to familiarize himself with the buildings layout, potential hazards, signs of an actual crime in progress, or perhaps live video of the suspects fleeing the scene in their vehicle and heading directly at him (Crean, 2002). There is also a deterrent factor at play when overt video surveillance is in place. Cameras that are highly visible to the perpetrator can instill an enhanced fear of committing the crime because of the perceived likelihood of getting caught. If they do opt to commit the act, then having a properly monitored video system vastly increases the probability of being caught. Experts in this field of study have noted that even though the economy underwent a major recession in past years, the crime rates have not increased dramatically. In fact, some categories have made substantial decreases. This is notable as history tells us that when the economy is bad people become desperate and crime typically increases. More than one advocate of increased use of video surveillance has pointed out that as these systems became more prevalent the crime rates decreased (Osborn, 2006). Whether there is an actual link between the two remains to be seen, but the speculative evidence is very interesting. Just as there are those who preach the benefits of employing video surveillance systems, there are certainly those who argue just as vehemently against its use. Probably the single greatest concern voiced is the invasion of privacy that goes along with this type of surveillance. Generally speaking, if the video monitoring is taking place anywhere that is open to the public then it does not constitute an invasion of privacy. As with most general rules, it is not always that simple. Watchdog organizations have argued that the use of covert cameras is an invasion of privacy since the cameras cannot be detected (The Constitution Project, 2007). In other words, if the public is not made aware they are being filmed than their privacy rights have been violated. Because of the proliferation of these systems, adequate notifications would be a nearly impossible goal to attain. Cities like Washington D.C. would probably need to put signs at the city limits on all major thoroughfares that securi ty cameras are in use in the city and you are subject to being captured by one of these systems at all times. Certainly not very practical. This begs the question, are these privacy concerns without basis? Consider for a moment the hypothetical situation presented by Angelo Pompano of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: On a typical day you wake up and walk out to your mailbox. A neighbors private security camera is trained on his driveway across the street and picks you up. Later, you drive to work and when you get to the light on the corner, a video camera is watching to see if you went through a red signal. You stop off at an ATM and you are taped. You go into the 7-Eleven-taped; pump gas- taped; get on the interstate and the traffic control cameras are focused on you. You get to work and the camera in the parking lot follows you into the building. Then you finally get you your desk and once more you are monitored (2010). As Mr. Pompano points out, on the average day by 8:15 AM you have already been captured on video surveillance a dozen times. This is only the video we know about. This report will not touch on the clandestine surveillance being undertaken by the government at all times. Im not saying I agree with Pompanos opinion that this is a bad thing, but it is a reality. A second concern that is frequently raised is the potential that video surveillance recording will be misused by the organization that captures them. Critics point out that it is difficult to control how the data from video surveillance because cameras are so easily attainable and the technology is so advanced that nearly anyone could manipulate it for unethical purposes. As with any technological advancement, there will be those that find ways to abuse it. Take for example a number of incidents highlighted by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in their article Whats Wrong With Public Video Surveillance? (2002). The general manager of a prominent Florida newspaper installed a hidden video camera in the employees bathroom under the guise of eliminating employee theft. The problem lies in the fact that when confronted with the cameras placement the manager could not document any thefts that had occurred. Or the management at Bostons Sheraton Hotel covertly recording its employee s changing clothes in a locker room on the pretext that it was investigating suspected drug use by its workers. Or the JC Penney security guard in Concord, California, that was caught showing off recordings during which he zoomed in on female customers breasts as they walked around the store. Needless to say, there is certainly room for abuse. However, the claim by those opposed to video surveillance that there is no way to control this type of abuse is unfounded. Each of the situations described here exposed the responsible person and/or their employing organization to both criminal and civil penalties. Laws to curb this type of infraction are already on the books and are capable of dealing with these infractions when discovered. Opponents might say that this type of illegal activity is difficult to detect so we should ban this type of surveillance. I would submit that this logic is akin to banning automobile use because driving under the influence is a difficult crime to detect an d prevent. The argument simply does not make practical sense. When holes are found in the current laws that new technologies take advantage of, our legislatures have been quick to respond with new laws and practices. Legislation has been presented at both state and federal levels that would restrict the use of public video surveillance, but many of these proposed changes have been stricken down. The courts and legislatures have made it clear that this type of surveillance in areas commonly open to the public and conducted for public safety purposes are neither illegal nor unconstitutional (USLegal, Inc., 2010). Where these systems do find trouble with the Constitution is when they find themselves pointed into a private dwelling or other place protected by the search and seizure doctrines of the Fourth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court has decided a number of privacy rights cases, but most critical to the concept of video surveillance is seen in Katz v. United States (1967). The court ruled there is no expectation of privacy in a public place. They confirmed the limits of Fourth Amendment protections against an illegal search did not apply in areas that a person lacked this expectation of privacy. In Katz the court ruled, What a person knowingly exposes to the public, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection, but what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected. As such, a person in a public place does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy from video surveillance cameras. As for the general publics perception of the legitimacy of utilizing video surveillance technology to monitor their daily lives, most have recognized it as a necessary reduction in their privacy to combat todays threat of violent crime and terrorism. Most accept the loss of some personal freedom for a feeling of security. Video surveillance by law enforcement agencies in public places is accepted by most as a minimally invasive measure implemented for the well being of the public. As highlighted in the Pompano article, Although (citizens) may not be happy with the use of the video surveillance equipment to catch them as they go through a red light, few people will argue with the reasoning that video cameras promote safety (2010). Most law enforcement agencies will tell you there is no replacement for having cops on the beat when it comes to fighting crime, but the police cannot be everywhere at all times. With the technology advancements made in video surveillance systems and capabil ities now they dont have to be.